Romanticism was arguably the largest artistic movement of the late 1700s. Its influence was felt across continents and through every artistic discipline into the mid-nineteenth century, and many of its values and beliefs can still be seen in contemporary poetry.

Dark Romanticism is a genre steeped in complex emotions and expressions of individualism. We hope this guide is particularly useful for students and teachers.

Overview of Dark Romanticism, Exemplary Works, Etymology & Historical Context, Quotes, Discussion Questions, Useful Links, and Notes/Teacher Comments

First, let's deal with the meaning of Romanticism. It values beliefs and emotions as more important than logic or facts. The individual comes first, and often involves the worship of nature (or a whale?). Dark Romanticism is distinguished from Romanticism in its emphasis on human fallibility and sin (they are pessimists), whereas Romantics believe in human goodness (they are optimists). According to Dark Romantics, even good men and women drift towards sin and self-destruction, and there can be unintended consequences that arise from well-intended social reforms.

The genre of 'Dark Romanticism' is thought to have emerged from the Transcendental Movement in 19th century America. Navel tamil xossip. Whereas Transcendentalists felt perfection and their own divinity as innate qualities of mankind (they thiought utopian communes would work), Dark Romantics believed humans gravitate to evil and self-destruction (striving for a utopian society is a waste of time). Stories in this genre share many characteristics of Realism (tell it like it is, what can go wrong, will). Dark Romantics focus on human fallibility, self-destruction, judgement, punishment, as well as the psychological effects of guilt and sin. Authors who embrace this genre include Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Emily Dickinson. There's an even darker side of the Dark Romantics: Gothic Literature, which involves sheer terror, personal torment, graphic morbidity, and the supernatural.

Here's a helpful overview of the characteristics, origin, and exemplar authors to help you better understand Dark Romanticism. You might also enjoy H.L. Mencken's analysis of New Puritanism, Puritanism As a Literary Force.

Moby-Dick; or, The Whale by Herman Melville is one of the most recognized novels in the genre of Dark Romanticism. Melville's Captain Ahab is the prototype of human fallibility, and he draws upon amble Biblical allusions (including his character names) centering on themes of judgement, guilt, sin, souls, and the end of the world. See Moby-Dick - Study Guide

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne exemplifies Dark Romanticism in its themes of imposed judgement and punishment for those who commit sin, resulting in alienation and self-destruction. Hawthorne's most famous novel examined the human soul and our morality-- certainly a cautionary tale about the dangers of well-intended social reform and blind religious fervor. While Hawthorne dappled in numerous genres, including Transcendentalism, he found his niche in Dark Romanticism, albeit on the less pessimistic side. He believed that for all of our weaknesses, hypocrisy and suffering, 'the truth of the human heart' usually prevails. Another exemplary work of Dark Romanticism is his story, Young Goodman Brown.

Practically all of Edgar Allan Poe's canon falls in the Dark Romantic genre, in which he explored the psychology of the conscious and subconscious mind. A Descent Into the Maelstrom is a fine example. Many of Poe's works are on the dark end of the Dark Romantic spectrum, into the realm of Gothic Fiction with macabre tales of horror, morbidity, and madness. Fine example: The Fall of the House of Usher, which deals with mental conditions such as hypochondria and hyperethesia (sensory overload). Poe was also credited as the creator of the detective fiction genre, as in his story, The Purloined Letter. Poe literally provided a template for detective authors to follow, including Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. A fun fact about Poe: he really disliked Transcendentalists, referring to them as 'Frogpondians' (after the pool in Boston Commons).

Emily Dickinson challenged the definitions of poetry and exemplify Dark Romanticism. It's well-known that she led an increasingly reclusive life, afflicted by severe depression, and never saw success during her lifetime (she died at 56). Yet, her creative energy, willingness to fight conventions (no titles, short lines), and prolific writing (she wrote nearly 1,800 poems in her lifetime, but published very few) established her literary prowess and blazed a trail for other poets and women writers to follow.

The etymology of the word 'Romanticism' is from the Latin word 'romant' which means 'in the Roman manner.' It became known as a style of art, literature, and music that drew on emotions, intuition, and imagination, rather than rationality and science. While the Romantic Movement began in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, it migrated to America in the early 19th century.

American Romanticism authors were most prolific between 1830-1865. Within the genre of Romanticism, two opposing sub-genres emerged: the optimists who believed in human goodness and spirituality, grew in to the Transcendentalism Movement; the pessimists, who embraced human fallibility and our predisposition towards sin, grew into the Dark Romantic Movement. The Dark Romantics were drawn to the dark side of the human psyche, the evil side of spiritual truth. The Dark Romantics rebelled against the Puritans, who came to the country to escape persecution, but imposed their own religion and societal rules (government) on others, judging those who did not conform. These authors were drawn to human's imperfections, self-destruction, sin, and the hazards of social reform. Authors such as Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote extensively about persecution of minorities in America, as in The Scarlet Letter, and The Maypole of Merry Mount.

It is helpful to understand the historical backdrop for the emergence of the Dark Romantics and the Transcendentalists. America had established itself as an independent nation, and was struggling with the morality of slavery, social reforms, and the rights of the minority. rose to power leading the country with a truly distinctive American voice-- eloquent, yet simple and coarse language embracing the country's failures, triumph, and tragedy. His fallibility was very much in-line with the Dark Romantic authors who published their major works shortly before the American Civil War and its messy aftermath into the Reconstruction era. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, the same year Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale was published a year later.

The Transcendentalists were busy at this same time in history: Thoreau's Walden was published in 1854, Whitman's Leaves of Grass a year later (1855). In 1865, the Civil War ended, Lincoln was assassinated, slavery was abolished. The country was no longer naive, more cynical, and a lot wiser than it had been a half century earlier, an ambivalence-- balancing pessimism and optimism-- that was reflected in the works of so many of the period's authors. Visit American History in Literature

Here is an excellent summary of Important Events during the Romantic Period (1825-1910), which encompasses an interesting musical history as well.

Explain what the following quotes meaning and why they are exemplars of Dark Romanticism:

'Cannibals? Who is not a cannibal? I tell you it will be more tolerable for the Fejee that salted down a lean missionary in his cellar against a coming famine; it will be more tolerable for that provident Fejee, I say, in the day of judgement, than for thee, civilized and enlightened gourmand, who nailest geese to the ground and feastest on their bloated livers in thy pate de fois gras.” -- Herman Melville's Moby-Dick; or, The Whale

'My Faith is gone!' cried he, after one stupefied moment. 'There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil; for to thee is this world given.' -- Nathaniel Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown

'The whole forest was peopled with frightful sounds—the creaking of the trees, the howling of wild beasts, and the yell of Indians; while sometimes the wind tolled like a distant church bell, and sometimes gave a broad roar around the traveller, as if all Nature were laughing him to scorn. But he was himself the chief horror of the scene, and shrank not from its other horrors.' -- Nathaniel Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown

'Such was the effect of this simple piece of crepe, that more than one woman of delicate nerves was forced to leave the meetinghouse. Yet perhaps the pale-faced congregation was almost as fearful a sight to the minister, as his black veil to them..A subtle power was breathed into his words. Each member of the congregation, the most innocent girl, and the man of hardened breast, felt as if the preacher had crept upon them, behind his awful veil, and discovered their hoarded iniquity of deed or thought.' -- Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Minister's Black Veil

'An excited and highly distempered ideality threw a sulphureous lustre over all. His long improvised dirges will ring forever in my ears. Among other things, I hold painfully in mind a certain singular perversion and amplification of the wild air of the last waltz of Von Weber. From the paintings over which his elaborate fancy brooded, and which grew, touch by touch, into vaguenesses at which I shuddered the more thrillingly, because I shuddered knowing not why.' -- Edgar Allan Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher

'I saw the lips of the black-robed judges. They appeared to me white--whiter than the sheet upon which I trace these words--and thin even to grotesqueness; thin with the intensity of their expression of firmness, of immovable resolution, of stern contempt of human torture.' -- Edgar Allan Poe's The Pit and the Pendulum

“No, dearest Georgiana, you came so nearly perfect from the hand of Nature that this slightest possible defect, which we hesitate whether to term a defect or a beauty, shocks me, as being the visible mark of earthly imperfection.'
'Shocks you, my husband!' cried Georgiana, deeply hurt; at first reddening with momentary anger, but then bursting into tears. 'Then why did you take me from my mother's side? You cannot love what shocks you!' -- Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Birthmark

1. Identify the characteristics of Dark Romanticism as expressed in works by American authors.

2. Explain the difference between 'Romanticism' and 'Dark Romanticism.'

3. How does Gothic Literature differ from 'Dark Romanticism'?

4. Nathaniel Hawthorne began his writing career considered a Romantic author, then moved towards Transcendentalism, before rejecting it in favor of the genre of his greatest success: 'Dark Romanticism.' Find an example of his work from each of these genres and discuss their contrasting styles.

5. Discuss the treatment of morality and social conventions (peer pressure) in this genre. Feel free to draw from The Scarlet Letter.

6. Identify a modern author whom you think fits the Dark Romanticism genre (e.g., Stephen King, J.K. Rowling, Joyce Carol Oates). Provide evidence to support your choice, providing examples from their work.

7. Discuss Emily Dickinson's seemingly contradictory voices as a poet? Select at least two poems, identify elements of depression/hope, resilience/morbidity, and love/loss.

8. Why are readers drawn to stories about human fallibility? Discuss how Dark Romantic authors appealed to their readers.

9. In Hawthorne's The Birthmark: Georgiana tells her husband, 'You cannot love what shocks you!' What is your opinion? Is it the imperfections we all possess that attracts us, or are these the attributes that repel us in disgust? Explain the message in this story.

10. Explain the meaning of this quote from Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (chapter 87) in the context of Dark Romanticism:
“for there is no folly of the beast of the earth which is not infinitely outdone by the madness of men.”

11. In Hawthorne's The Minister's Black Veil, what does Reverend Hooper's veil symbolize and why does he wear it?

Here's a great resource on Dark Romanticism and its relation to Gothic Fiction

Dark Romanticism exemplar: Moby-Dick - Study Guide

American Literature Lesson Plans: 19th Century, including Poe, Bierce, Dickinson, Hawthorne

Puritanism As a Literary Force by H.L. Mencken

Visit our Teacher Resources, supporting literacy instruction across all grade levels

Expert Answers info

The Romantic movement began somewhere near the end of the 18th century in Western Europe and lasted well into the first half of the 19th century. In part, the movement was a rebellion in response to the Enlightenment of the century prior, which focused on the more scientific and rational thought. Characteristics of Romantic literature emphasize passion, emotion, and nature. Romantic poetry was often written in common everyday language for all to relate, not just the upper class. Nature was a focus of many famous poets such as Wordsworth and Coleridge. Wordsworth was known as the 'father of English Romanticism.' Any of his works can support the focus of nature. Robert Burns uses his Scottish dialect to support the 'common everyday language' of the era. William Blake supports the emphasis of emotion in his Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.

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The Romantic poets all had different approaches to expressing their ideals, but one of the most common threads between them was the rejection of modern society. Poets such as Wordsworth and Coleridge grappled with their worshipful feelings towards nature as it contrasted with conventional Christian morality, which would view their thoughts of nature's divinity as sacrilegious. William Blake rejected society as being corrupted by Christian morals, which he believed stifled individual freedom and turned men perverse from denying themselves the ability to follow their desires.

Another major feature of Romantic poetry is an emphasis on the Sublime, an aesthetic category popular around that time, at the turn of the 18th to 19th centuries. The Sublime is the feeling of awe and terror evoked by the grandness of nature. Some classic examples would be in Coleridge's 'Reflection on Having Left a Place of Retirement,' when the narrator climbs the mountain, or Wordsworth's experience stealing a boat at night in his 'Prelude.'

The Romantics tended to use highly descriptive language, focusing on visual imagery and emotions. There was a wide variety of technical styles present in Romantic poetry, with no clear preference across the movement towards rhyme, stanza structure or overall length. Each poet had their own unique goal and style, but overall, they are most unified in their poetic works by a drive towards individuality and a focus on feeling over reason.

Characteristics of Romantic Poetry
There are many angles and point-of-views from which one can study romantic poetry. The most of important characteristic of this form of poetry is imagination. The different characteristics of romantic poetry are elaborated on in the article below.
1)Imagination
In the words of William Wordsworth, 'poetry is the first and last of all knowledge'. The phenomenon of imagination is the essence or core of romantic poetry. According to romantic poets, it is possible to attain a transcendental experience by means of imagination. It takes us near to the spiritual truth.
2)Emotions
When it comes to romantic poetry, reason and logic take a backseat. The one thing which rules the world of romanticism is emotion. Romantic poetry is one of the best means to let loose one's emotions through words. The overflow of emotions depicted through romantic poetry transcends the boundaries of logical reasoning. Spontaneity in romantic poetry arises from an emotional outflow, and sometimes pain is the inspiration.
3)Nature
A romantic poet can let loose his/her imagination in the process of interpreting natural phenomena. It is said that romantic poetry associated with nature is a kind of a meditative process. The rationalists tend to view or associate nature with some kind of machine. A romanticist's perception of nature is that of an organic phenomenon. Nature is also viewed as a setting or place which offers respite from the artificial world that we inhabit.
4)Pastoral Life
The pastoral life, culture and traditions are mentioned on a frequent basis in romantic poetry. In most cases, the relaxed and slow-paced pastoral life of shepherds is depicted in these poems. Romantic poetry employs this feature in order to present before readers the complexities of life in a simple manner. Contrasting features of country and urban life can also be depicted by the portrayal of pastoral life.
5)Symbolism
It is a way of expressing so much in so little. The use of symbolism in literature allows to infer / derive different meanings from a single expression. Symbolism rouses the curiosity of readers and also adds a kind of enigma to the expressions or thoughts of the poet. Representing a particular thing allegorically, lies at the core of symbolism. Repetitive presentation of an object or character is one of the ways in which symbolism is depicted in poetry.
6)Individualism
It is one of the important romantic poetry characteristics. Representation of a hero, a person with exceptional genius, is of common occurrence in romantic poetry. Heroes are depicted as personalities which exhibit boldness. This quality boldness is in contrast with that of restraint depicted in ancient classics.
The use of romanticism in literature appeals to our dreamy inner-self. It helps us transcend the boundaries that are set by rational thinking. It helps us understand the wholesome truth instead of just making conclusions on what we see or derive by logical reasoning. There are so many things in this world beyond our understanding. We can say that the urge to known the unknown is expressed in the form of romantic poetry.

Being, Per say, a literary genre, romantic poetry 's features are the same as established by critics weither the work was written in ealy 18th or later and even today. They may be some variations i.e form and structure but overall, as described by baudelaire 'Romanticism is precisely situated neither in choice of subject nor exact truth, but in a way of feeling.'

I need the features of romantic poetry of The nineteenth century

The Romantics whose entry into the world of British Literature was heralded by the publication of the Lyrical Ballads in 1798 were poets who had firm faith in the power of imagination in poetic expression.To them a poem is the expression in words of what the best and brightest mind thinks and feels at a moment of inspired imagination the perfect example of which is Kubla khan.They were dissatisfied with the present and day to day reality and saught escape on the 'viewless wings of poesy',into the world of Nature,Art,Medievalism or exotic land.They loved to wrap with mystery even the commonest sight and sound of Nature,in that way adding strangeness to beauty.They loved to evoke in themselves a sense of wonder at the sight of sunrise or sunset,or a forest path that led into an unknown region.

They preferred passion,emotion and simplicity of expression to reason and well learned craft.They were emotional and not critical,so there is no remarkable satire in the oevre of English romantic poetry.The romantic poets were also splendid egoists who chose for their subject of poetry,themselves.They were always looking inwards.they often went to the verge of self pity,as when shelley cries 'I fall upon the thorns of life,I bleed'So love and liberty was a cause of celebration for them.So Shelley says 'I love Love though he has wings and like breath can flee.'

To sum up imagination,passion,love of Nature,and simplicity of expression can be pinpointed as the characteristic of Romantic Poetry.Lyric and not satire was their forte.A sense of mystery surrounding simple objects in their poetry labels their time as a Rennaisance of wonder.We can quote a few lines of Shelley as an example of something that is quintessencially romantic-'The desire of the moth for the star/Of the night for the morrow/The devotion to something afar/From the sphere of our sorrow'

Literary critics consider 1798, the year when Wordsworth and Coleridge published their 'Lyrical Ballads,' to mark the beginning of the English Romantic Movement. However, its actual beginnings date back to the poetry of Gray, Collins, Blake and Burns who are regaded as 'Transition Poets' who lived and wrote at the end of the Neo-Classical Age. Critical opinion is divided as to when the Romantic Movement actually came to an end; infact, some critics consider the Victorian age to be a continuation of the Romantic Age and that the English Romantic Age extended till the beginning of the Modern Age in the twentieth century. The characteristic features of English Romantic poetry are:

1. Love and worship of Nature and dislike for the urban life.

2. Love for the Medieval Age.

3. Love for the supernatural and the mystical.

4. Poetry came to be regarded as the spontaneous expression of the poet's own subjective feelings and did not conform to the poetic conventions of classical doctrines.

5.Completely abandoned the 'Heroic Couplet' and substituted it with simpler verse forms like the ballads which belonged to the English rural Folk. In fact the 'Ballad Revival' is said to have sparked off the English Romantic Movememnt.

6. The 'poetic diction' of the Neo-Classical Age was completely done away with and the language of the ordinary people became the language of Romantic poetry.

7. The subjects of Romantic poetry were often ordinary people:'The Idiot Boy.'